WHO DOES WHAT

Database Administrator (DBA): responsible for the planning, implementation, configuration, and administration of relational database management systems. Database administrators are normally proficient with one or more popular database software packages, such as Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server, and are normally familiar with one or more database query languages, such as SQL or MySQL. Database administrators sometimes hold certifications such as Certifed Oracle Database Administrator.

Database Analyst: responsible for designing and developing an organization's data flow models and database architecture. Although a database analyst may sometimes share administrative responsibilities with database administrators, analysts are normally responsible for designing the database schema which an organization will use to store and move business-critical data.

Hardware Engineer: responsible for the specification and design of computer and communications hardware components. Hardware engineers normally use specialized Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools and powerful modeling software to create specifications and designs for new or improved computer and communications components, such as the Intel Pentium III processor or the microprocessor which powers a cellular telephone. Hardware engineering normally requires a significant background in electrical or electronics engineering, computer science, or materials engineering and training in the use of CAD equipment to model hardware designs.

Help Desk Technician: responsible primarily for supporting end-user software applications, normally done remotely via telephone. Help desk techs within an organization are often called upon to perform duties similar to those of PC Support Specialists, as well. Help desk technicians are normally trained to support specific software applications, but may sometimes receive a general certification from an organization like the Help Desk Institute for more general computer-user support functions.

Information Systems Manager: responsible for managing an organization's overall internal information technology architecture. IS managers (also called IT managers, for Information Technology managers) are responsible for the day-to-day management of an organization's information systems, including databases, operating systems, networks, technical support, and PC and server maintenance. They normally supervise the other members of the IS staff, including the network administration teams, database administration teams, PC support and tech support specialists, and programmers. They are also responsible for the budgetary and financial aspects of running the IS group, and often interface with vendors and consultants to purchase hardware, software, and services.

Internetworking Engineer: responsible for managing and maintaining the networking architecture for an organization's Web site and Wide Area Network (WAN) connectivity. Also called an Internet Engineer for short, internetworking engineers oversee the maintenance and design of an organization's links between it's Local Area Network, Wide Area Network and Intranet and the Internet. Internet engineers are normally focused on specialized networking hardware and software like routers, bridges, and firewalls, and may have a certification such as the Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert.

Multimedia Developer: responsible for developing rich multimedia content for delivery over the World Wide Web or via a software application. Multimedia developers use programming and development tools like Macromedia Flash, Dreamweaver, and Authorware to build interactive content composed of animation, audio, video and text, and often have a background in graphic design. The applications they develop can be delivered as part of an interactive web site, a computer-based training module, or a software demo, for example.

Network Administrator: responsible for managing and maintaining an organization's Local Area Network (LAN). Network administrators normally focus on making sure an organization's LAN is tuned for optimum performance, delivering required information to end-users, and interacting properly with Wide Area Networks (WANs) like the Internet. Network administrators must be proficient with a wide variety of software and hardware, and normally hold specialized technical certifications like Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer, Certified NetWare Engineer, and Cisco Certified Networking Associate.

Network Engineer: responsible for the planning, design, and implementation of Local and Wide Area Networks (LANs and WANs). Network engineers usually design and implement large heterogeneous networks, and are required to have significant expertise in designing and administering network hardware and software from vendors like Microsoft, Cisco Systems, Nortel Networks, and CheckPoint. It is not uncommon for network engineers to hold certifications such as Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer, Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert, or Certified NetWare Engineer.

Network Security Analyst: responsible for designing, implementing and maintaining an organization's network and computer security policies. Network security analysts normally work side-by-side with network administrators and engineers to determine areas of weakness in an organization's security architecture, and often specify and implement solutions for controlling those weaknesses. Network security analysts are also called upon to shore up resources and track down hackers when security breaches occur, and must be proficient in a number of different operating systems and protocols to accomplish these tasks.

PC Support Specialist: responsible for assisting end-users, either remotely or in person, with personal computer maintenance, troubleshooting, and management. PC support specialists utilize broad skills and knowledge to perform everything from hardware maintenance to software upgrades, and normally hold certifications such as CompTIA's A+ designation.

Programmer/Analyst: responsible for designing and implementing computer information systems, and for using computer programming languages to write software applications for those systems. Programmer/analysts often work together with system analysts to design complex computer systems, and then use programming languages like C++, Visual Basic, or Java to write applications with which end-users can access those systems.

Programmer: responsible for developing computer programs which allow end-users to interface directly with computer operating systems and hardware. Programmers also play a large role in developing computer programs which enable computer-to-computer communication, sometimes called scripts. Programming is a specialized skill which requires training in various types of programming languages as well as problem-solving and logic. Programmers often use languages like Java, C++, and Visual Basic to write the programs, and sometimes hold certifications like Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer or Sun Certifed Java Developer.

Software Engineer: responsible for designing and programming large-scale computer systems and applications. Similar to a systems analyst, software engineers primarily design and build complex system software, such as operating systems, protocol architectures, or databases upon which application software programs will run. Software engineers often make use of complex methodologies like Object-Oriented Modeling and Design and rapid application development (RAD) tools like Rational Rose to build these large-scale systems; as a result, software engineering normally requires formal training in computer science.

Systems Analyst: responsible for researching, planning and recommending software and systems choices to meet an organization's business requirements. Systems analysts are normally responsible for developing cost analyses, design considerations, implementation timelines, and generally feasibility studies of a computer system before making recommendations to senior management.

System Administrator: responsible for managing an organization's computer and operating systems. System administrators, or sys admins, normally manage and maintain several large-scale operating systems, such as UNIX and Microsoft Windows 2000, and are responsible for making sure that those operating systems work together, support end-users' business requirements, and function properly. Sys admins are also responsible for the day-to-day maintenance of an organization's operating systems, including backup and recovery, adding and deleting user accounts, and performing software upgrades. Sys admins sometime hold technical certifications like Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer or Sun Solaris Certifed Engineer.

Technical Writer: responsible for authoring hardware and software documentation either for an organization's internal computer systems or for third-party vendors. Chief among a technical writer's responsibilities is producing user documentation files, sometimes called "Help" files, which ship with many popular end-user applications. Technical writers must demonstrate solid understanding of technology, good writing and thinking skills, and proficiency with authoring tools like FrameMaker and RoboHelp.

Web Programmer: responsible for designing and developing applications and scripts for the World Wide Web. Web programmers normally work in the programming languages common to the Internet and World Wide Web, including Java, HTML, XML, JavaScript, and Perl, and are chiefly responsible for providing the programming which makes Web pages interactive or allows surfers to interact with back-end applications like databases. Web programmers are instrumental in making electronic commerce on the World Wide Web possible.

Webmaster: responsible for the implementation and administration of a World Wide Web site. Sometimes called Web administrators, webmasters normally have very broad responsibilities which may include designing an information architecture, designing and developing web pages, web scripting and programming, and overseeing the management of e-commerce capabilities. Webmasters sometimes hold certifications such as Certified Internet Webmaster and may share many of the same skills common to systems administrators.

certifications

Non-Vendor Specific:

A+ Certification: This certification indicates that the individual possesses the knowledge and skills essential for becoming a successful computer service technician. The two-part exam (you must pass two test modules - "Core" and either the DOS or MAC module) covers hardware and software technologies and is not related to any vendor-specific products.

Certified Internet Webmaster: CIW is the largest Internet job-role certification. An IT certification for the knowledge economy, CIW is an Internet vendor-neutral or job-role curriculum and certification designed to help career changers enter the IT industry and experienced and vendor-certified professionals build on existing IT skills. CIW is offered for three disciplines - Designer, Enterprise Developer and Administrator - and one cross-functional area - Web Site Manager, which combines the other three disciplines.

CompTIA: CompTIA is the organization that sponsors the A+ Certification, a non-profit organization made up of individuals from various large companies (Digital, AT&T, USAirways, Packard Bell etc.) More than 6,000 computer resellers, VARs, distributors, manufacturers and training companies in the United States and Canada belong to CompTIA. Reseller members, who form the heart of the Association, run the gamut from single location systems integrators to nationwide franchise groups.

Network+ Certification: Designating that an individual possesses the knowledge and skills essential to becoming a successful network technician, this exam covers network hardware and software and network architecture in a vendor-neutral environment. "Soft" skills are also emphasized as part of the certification.

Vendor Specific

Cisco Systems:
Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE): CCIE is certification for networking professionals offered by Cisco Systems. The CCIE is the highest level of Cisco certification and deals mainly with networking hardware. Three specializations in routing and bridging technologies are offered: Routing and Switching, WAN Switching, and ISP Dial. Tracks can be further broken down to focus on network design or network support. The CCIE Certification is widely considered the most difficult industry certification to achieve. Candidates must have a prerequisite two years of work experience and they must have attained Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) status. Candidates must also pass a qualifying exam to apply for CCIE certification, and then must pass the CCIE expert exam in their given track, as well as a laboratory component in which candidates demonstrate skills in different pressure-intensive scenarios. This certification must be renewed every two years.

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP): CCNP is certification for networking professionals offered by Cisco Systems. The CCNP is the second-highest level of Cisco certification behind the CCIE. After completing the requirements for the CCNP, candidates are prepared to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot complex routed LAN, routed WAN, Switched LAN networks, and Dial Access Services. Prerequisites for the CCNP are Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) status, as well as the successful completion of a qualifying exam. Candidates must then pass the CCNP expert examination. Five CCNP specializations are offered: Security, Network Management, LAN ATM, Voice Access, and SNA Solutions.

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA): CCNA is certification for networking professionals offered by Cisco Systems. The CCNA is the first level of Cisco certifications and is a prerequisite for all advanced certifications, including CCNP and CCIE. After completing the requirement for the CCNA, candidates are prepared to install, configure, and operate simple-routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN networks. Candidates must successfully complete the CCNA expert exam.

Cisco Networking Academy: Sponsored by Cisco Systems and designed for high school and college students, Cisco Networking Academies prepare students for the Cisco Certified Networking Associate exam. The Cisco Networking Academy is a complete, four-semester program on the principles and practice of designing, building, and maintaining networks capable of supporting national and global organizations.

Novell:

CNA (Certified NetWare Administrator): CNA certification indicates that an individual has the skills and knowledge needed to handle the day-to-day administration of an installed Novell networking product such as NetWare 4.1.

CNE (Certified NetWare (or Novell) Engineer): CNE certification, more advanced than CNA certification, qualifies an individual to manage network environments, and solve company wide support problems. CNE certification offers specialization in different product areas, including; NetWare, IntranetWare and GroupWise, depending on your interests and business needs.

CNI (Certified Novell Instructor): CNI certification indicates that an individual is qualified to teach Novell certification courses.

Master CNE: Master CNE certification is the highest level of IT certification. A Master CNE demonstrates proficiency beyond CNE certification by passing additional performance-based tests proving specialization in one of five areas: Network Management, Internet/Intranet Solutions, Client/Network Solutions, Messaging and Connectivity.

Microsoft:

Microsoft Certified Database Administrator (MCDBA): MCDBA is certification for database administrators. An MCDBA must pass four core exams that require candidates to prove their expertise with Microsoft database products in a networked environment, as well as one elective exam covering advanced database topics.

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer + Internet (MCSE+I): In addition to the core MCSE skills, an MCSE+Internet credential qualifies IT professionals to deploy and manage intranet and Internet solutions that include a browser, proxy server, host servers, database, and messaging and commerce components.

Microsoft Office User Specialist (MOUS) Program: MOUS is the overarching umbrella term for APPLICATION certification available to Office users. Proficient and/or Expert levels of certification are available for each component of the Office suite, plus FrontPage.

Microsoft AATP Program (Authorized Academic Training Program): AATP-compliant schools receive free software licenses from Microsoft each time they offer a Microsoft Official Curriculum (MOC) course. AATP instructors must have passed the exam for which they are preparing students. They can teach using either MOC materials (exclusively available from Microsoft) or 3rd party approved courseware (like ours).

Microsoft Certified Product Specialist (MCPS): MCPS is a single product certification program. MCPS candidates must pass one operating system exam, based on a current Microsoft Windows desktop or server operating system. In addition, all elective exams for premium certification, (MCSE & MCSD) are available to provide further qualification of skills with MS BackOffice products, development tools, or desktop applications.

Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP): MCP is the overarching umbrella term for the TECHNICAL professional in the networking and programming areas. MCSE/MCSD/MCPS and MCT all fall under MCP.

Microsoft Certified Solution Developer (MCSD): MCSD is certification for developers and programmers. Two core technology exams are required based on the Windows operating system and its architecture, as well as 2 elective exams based on Microsoft development tools.

Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE): MCSE is certification for network professionals. An MCSE candidate must pass 4 operating system exams that require candidates to prove their expertise with desktop, server, and networking components, (e.g. NT Server, NT Workstation, Networking Essentials, NT Server in the Enterprise) and 2 elective exams that prove expertise with Microsoft BackOffice products, (e.g. TCP/IP, Internet Information Server, SQL Server).

Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT): MCT's are qualified instructionally and certified technically by Microsoft to deliver Microsoft Official Curriculum instructor-led courses to computer professionals. Only trainers who intend to deliver Microsoft Official Curriculum instructor-led courses at Microsoft Authorized Technical Education Centers, (ATEC), are eligible to become Microsoft Certified Trainers.

indian economy

	The following text of a talk given by Professor Williamson at a conference for history teachers presents historical background and detail on the striking rise of certain sectors of the Indian economy. He discusses, as well, the prospects for the near future: Is a six percent growth rate, once considered by economists to be remarkably good, too high in this still generally poor land? -- Ed. The rise of the Indian economy is one of the most important economic developments of our day. To put it in context, one needs to start by considering how India gained independence. The year was 1947, and it was the culmination of a long struggle between the British government and the Indian independence movement. That movement was led by Gandhi, but his most important lieutenant was Nehru. The two had very different views on a number of questions, and in particular on economic issues. Gandhi believed in a very simple life, while Nehru had absorbed the doctrines of British socialism. The British socialist movement at that time aimed to build up a modern economy as rapidly as possible. THE POST-INDEPENDENCE YEARS India in 1947 was characterized by very low per capita income. There were a lot of people, so there was always a big GDP, but per capita income was very low. In some ways India had a fully developed capitalist economy, and it had some of the oldest capitalist institutions in Asia, such as the Bombay Stock Exchange, founded in 1875. So there was a modern economy, but it was very thin. There was a manufacturing sector, but it didn't cover many industries. There was even a steel industry and a relatively strong textile industry, but these were limited. It was predominantly a subsistence economy. Most of the villages at the time didn't even have road connections. They were connected only by tracks to the outside world. They weren't part of the market economy. During the independence struggle in the final days of the war, Nehru was put in jail, along with a number of his Congress colleagues. In a matter of weeks, they drew up a consensus which has been called subsequently the Indian Congress Consensus. At that time the Indian Congress absolutely dominated India, so what the Indian Congress thought went. There was certainly a widespread agreement on the need to develop, to create an industrial revolution, to grow rapidly, and to build a modern economy. This would involve moving agricultural workers to the cities, which it was argued-this was a popular line of thought in the early days of development economics-wouldn't really cost anything, because the marginal products of those agricultural workers was negligible anyway. They really weren't contributing in the countryside. In any event, with a little agricultural modernization, it would be possible to increase output. It was generally agreed that society should be based on collective action, not capitalist acquisitiveness. Basically, the view was that the state ought to seize control of the economy and ought not be run by the capitalist sector. Consequently, for the best part of forty years after independence, growth was slow. But the "License Raj" developed very quickly. Everything needed permission. If you owned a business that officially was in the private sector, in order to expand you needed a license. You couldn't get foreign exchange to import until you had the industrial license to expand. The government effectively controlled everything through a series of interlocking controls of that type. sEven the banks were nationalized in due course. The banking system was one of the later things to be nationalized, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but even then this philosophy prevailed. The system was dominated as in many developing countries by the idea of import substitution, the idea that you would get expanding markets for industrial goods essentially by producing at home things that had formerly been imported. That was because you simply couldn't import most goods. There was on the other hand continuous macroeconomic discipline. Unlike many developing countries in Latin America, or in Africa, or even in Southeast Asia (such as Indonesia), India never suffered from hyperinflation. India never went above about 20 percent a year. Instead, where the macroeconomic problems showed up was in balance-of-payment pressures. The fact that one required a license to import just about everything was strangling the economy. DEVALUATION Finally, in 1966, a year before the UK's famous devaluation, came India's. An attempt was made to undertake some liberalization of the economy at that time, and India sought U.S. aid. But since India wouldn't support the Vietnam War, President Johnson withheld aid. So the envisaged flow of aid that would help make it possible to liberalize the economy wasn't there, and India went back to slow growth for another 15-20 years. Another feature of this period was that the educational system was very skewed. Illiteracy continued, and in particular female illiteracy, which is still quite common in India. But at the same time the elites have a very good educational system, typified by the Indian Institutes of Technology and Management, which were established in this period to cater to the elites. The education they received has been important in the subsequent development of the country's economy. But in the early years, the economy grew rather slowly, at what became known as the Hindu rate of growth, merely 3-4 percent per year. At the time, the Indian population was growing at 2.5 percent per year. If GDP is only going up 3.5 percent a year, that doesn't give much scope for an improvement in living standards and cutting poverty, the ultimate objectives of economic growth. In fact, there was actually an increase in poverty in India in the middle of that period. After reasonably respectable growth in the immediate post-independence years, by the early 1970s it had really slowed down to about 3 percent. LIBERALIZATION Then something changed. Initially we didn't realize that it had changed. Dani Rodrik, a well-known growth economist at Harvard, and Arvind Subramanian, an Indian economist at the IMF, continuing a line of work pioneered by American economist Brad Delong, have argued that the acceleration in Indian growth really came long before 1991, which is from when reformers had liked to date it. They claim there is evidence that growth speeded up in the mid-1980s. However, up until then, you can explain away the faster growth rate as a consequence simply of catching up, because there was a severe recession in 1979, due to the second oil shock. In any event, by the mid-1990s one has indisputable evidence that the Indian economy had moved to a faster growth rate, following the first, limited reforms. One example of liberalization was known as "broad-banding." In the earlier period, if a private-sector entrepreneur was given permission to produce something, he produced exactly that and nothing else. Broad-banding meant that as long as he didn't use more raw materials, he was entitled to make something else. What you were entitled to produce was broad-banded, or extended. And that in itself led to an important liberalization of the economy. Another example is that the trucking industry was deregulated in the mid-1980s, which meant that people who owned trucks, still in the private sector, were allowed to go out to bid in order to take loads from one part of the country to another, at prices they could choose. This was successful in that trucking performance improved and prices were lowered as a result of competition, instead of going up, as those who had opposed liberalization had predicted. Toward the end of the 1980s, even though exports were growing rapidly, balance-of-payment pressures were beginning to rise and the budget deficit was increasing. These two things together led to an important crisis in 1991, at the time of the general election. Despite the debate as to whether there had already been some liberalization, 1991 marks the big liberalization of the Indian economy. Manmohan Singh happened to be the finance minister at the time. When he was a young man at Cambridge in the 1950s, he'd written an article that argued that it was a mistake to rely on import substitution, but despite that he'd gone back to India, entered the civil service, and been a loyal civil servant implementing these sorts of policies all those years. But when he became finance minister and was presented with the challenge of finding a way out of the crisis, he set about undertaking a major liberalization of the economy. The macroeconomic part of the package was quite orthodox. After all, if you have a balance-of-payment crisis, if you run out of reserves, you have to fix the balance of payments in a hurry. You really can't start revaluing the exchange rate or spending more, you have to do orthodox things like cutting expenditures, raising taxes, devaluing the exchange rate, and implementing monetary restriction. The interesting part of the package was the microeconomic liberalization, which was adamantly against the Indian tradition. There'd been the very limited liberalization in the 1980s, but the main Indian ethos had remained very statist, hostile to the market economy, capitalism, and free enterprise. Singh swept away the controls of the license raj, the requirement that one obtain permission from the Capital Issues Committee to raise new money, and the ban on foreign direct investment. So investment was gradually liberalized, as was trade. The initial moves were to get rid of the quantitative trade restrictions. Tariffs were gradually reduced to the point of normal levels, though India's still a fairly protectionist country. Then there was an effort to modernize the tax system. In 1991 about one-quarter of all the tax revenue came out of trade taxes, which would be lost with trade liberalization. Tax rates between one product and another were equalized, again gradually, over the course of the 1990s. There was the beginning of divesting the public sector of its ownership of enterprises. India was not adventurous in this respect. It certainly didn't do anything like the mass privatization in the former Soviet economies. It pursued disinvestment, which meant selling minority shares in enterprises on the stock market. You don't pay a lot of money if all you think you're going to buy is a minority share in a state-owned enterprise. This isn't a good way of raising money or changing management incentives. So India was slow in divesting, but the program was started, and it's gradually built up steam. There has been much more willingness to contemplate private enterprises competing against state-owned enterprises in recent years. Finally, there was financial reform. Where India used to have one stock exchange, which still operated pretty much like in the nineteenth century, today it has a modern stock exchange running parallel to that one. The Capital Issues Committee was abolished, and companies were allowed to borrow freely. Where the banking system at one stage had to lend over 60 percent of its deposits to the government, and most of the others had to be lent as the government dictated, now it has a large degree of freedom to lend where commercial considerations dictate. Today India has a rather impressive financial system by developing-country standards. CONSEQUENCES Growth didn't in fact accelerate much from the 1980s average to the 1990s average. But the 1980s ended in a crisis because some factors were clearly unsustainable, and although some of us worry about some features of the present economy, there's no suggestion that the present growth rate is unsustainable. So it may have been only slightly faster, but it was sustainable. The growth translated into a fairly substantial fall in poverty over the course of the 1990s. The 1997 East Asian financial crisis really stopped growth in its tracks in many countries. Those countries, some of them more voluntarily than others, had all liberalized their capital accounts, allowing money to flow in and out fairly liberally. In contrast, in India, if you brought money in, you could take it out again, but domestic Indians weren't allowed to take their money out freely, and India in any event hadn't borrowed a great deal. So it wasn't vulnerable to the 1997 crisis. In the second half of the 1990s one also began seeing the rise of the IT sector. Two explanations are given for why that sector became so successful. The first is that the bureaucrats didn't notice what was happening until it had already happened, so they couldn't really interfere and put up a web of regulations and restrictions. That's probably overly harsh. The other is that the government did some things right. Its founding of the Indian Institutes led to a flow of highly qualified manpower, many of whom found vocation in the IT sector. India at long last found its niche in the world economy, which wasn't in exporting manufactures, like the East Asian countries, but instead was in the services sector, and IT in particular. One important consequence of the 1990s is the sharpening of regional differences within India. The fast-growing states were in the south and west: Maharashtra, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat, etc. The large states of the Ganghetic plain-- Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa--became relatively poorer during the 1990s. Policy, which became more attuned to rewarding success over the 1990s, may have exacerbated these regional differences. Since there were a whole succession of governments over the 1990s, the Congress lost its monopoly as the party of government. There was a period when the regional parties were dominant in the mid 1990s, then the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) entered the government and early in this decade there were even several years when there was a solely BJP government. In Indian politics, there's very little notion of economic ideology. The BJP tended to be a little more pro-market, a little less internationalist than the Congress, but the big difference is whether you're in or out of government. Government will introduce something--to privatize the insurance industry, for example; MPs will vote in favor of it when they're in government, and then three years later when the government has changed and they're in opposition, everyone who previously voted in favor now votes against, and vice versa. So there's no sort of socialist ideology in the way that there was in many European countries. All the governments of the 1990s were effectively reforming governments, even if not as strongly as some of us would have liked. They tried to push the reform agenda, and if they were slow, at least there were no big reversals as in Latin America and elsewhere. INDIA TODAY At the moment, the Congress-led government is in alliance with some of the regional parties. The BJP is out of government, having run an election campaign that was altogether too complacent last time around. Manmohan Singh is now prime minister, but Sonia Gandhi, who was born in Italy, leads the National Congress Party. To avoid the complications of having a foreigner be prime minister, she handed over running the government to Singh, who sits as a member of the upper house. The other key reformer is Palaniappan Chidambaram, the finance minister. He is a member of one of the smaller regional parties. While they haven't been able to move as fast as they may have liked, they've unquestionably been moving in a reforming direction since coming into power two years ago. Externally, there's no hint of a balance-of-payments crisis. India has something like $130 billion of reserves. Indeed, there's been some debate as to whether it couldn't spend some of those reserves to advantage. There's a sense of great optimism in India at last. It's found its place in the world economy as the place to which the multinationals outsource jobs. The debate is how much faster than 6 percent India should grow. When I was young we regarded 6 percent as a miracle. It's what Italy did in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when we talked about the Italian miracle. Today, developing countries tend to regard 6 percent as the minimum. In India the debate is how much faster it should be able to grow. But there are still some big challenges. First of all, there's the fiscal deficit, which is around 8 percent of GNP and has been up toward 10 percent. Now India is growing faster than the U.S., so it can afford a deficit larger than the 3-4 percent U.S. deficit without debt's getting out of control relative to GDP, but it still has one of the highest debt ratios in the world outside of Japan. It's still a 90-100 percent debt to GDP ratio. Sixty percent is supposed to be the limit in Europe, by the Maastricht Treaty; the Latin Americans have decided that they really shouldn't go that high, that 30-40 percent is the maximum prudent rate. And here's India with 90+ percent and still rising. They haven't had a crisis yet and seem confident that they're not about to. They do have a high private- sector savings rate, which means that the debt is almost all held at home rather than abroad, which makes life simpler. But at some stage they're going to have to get the deficit down. Otherwise, they'll be spending their tax money on nothing but servicing the debt. There are some signs that they're beginning to get a grip on this, but it's still a major problem. As a Brookings Institution economist put it in the 1980s, "The fiscal deficit is not a case of the wolf at the door, it's termites in the woodwork." It diverts resources away from investment in productive activities into excessive spending by the government. A second difficulty is one that it's hard for people in most developed countries to believe is a real problem. But a large part of that deficit goes to financing the losses of the electric companies. Two and a half percent of GNP goes into power subsidies; only half the electricity that's generated actually gets paid for. Some of the other half goes in unfortunate (we economists think) programs to give free power to the farmers. Unfortunately, the farmers who qualify for free power are the ones who are rich enough to be able to afford power in the first place. But having gotten free power, they let their neighbors tap into it. That's another portion of the power goes that way. Then there are those who tap the lines. It's dangerous, but people know how to do it. So half the power doesn't get paid for even while there's a big increase in the fiscal deficit, while one has very expensive power for those who do pay, which includes large industry. What do you do if you're an industrialist with power that costs more to buy than you can generate it for? You buy a generator, which is socially wasteful. A lot of the investment in India is wasted by companies' generating their own power so as to bypass the power system. So while there have been some attempts at privatizing the power sector and at imposing a regulatory system, there are still big problems at the moment. Third, there is the social situation. Education is still a problem in just the same way as it used to be. There's excellent education for a small minority in the elite, and poor or no education at all for some people at the base of the pyramid, particularly women. India's in the region where there are a hundred million missing women, as Amartya Sen wrote. Even if they get born, they don't get educated properly. Malnutrition is another problem. About half of India's pupils are malnourished. The problem is worse than even Subsaharan Africa. In all the other dimensions, India has now passed Subsaharan Africa easily, but in this one it's still worse. Finally, India is still a poor country. The average person still earns less than $2 a day. The figure is controversial, but the World Bank reckons that a quarter of the population are poor by its measure of $1/day in 1985 prices--that's a destitution level, rather than a poverty level. INDIA VS. CHINA Which country is going to win this race? Most economists actually think it's good when one country grows fast, that it helps another country grow faster. Nevertheless, there's a big discussion as to which of these two will grow faster in the long term. China starts off with a higher standard of living. It has more manufacturing, a bigger economy, much better infrastructure, and a dense network of superhighways, as against India, which is just finishing its first superhighway grid linking the four big cities, the ones with more than 10 million people. China also starts off with a faster growth rate. It's been growing at 9-10 percent a year, it has a high rate--over 40 percent of GDP--of investment, it has practically universal literacy, and it has an open economy, measuring openness in terms of trade and FDI. India has four major advantages. First, it is into the right things, the modern, skill-intensive service sectors like IT and outsourcing. Second, it has an entrepreneurial culture. Most Indians never fully subscribed to the non-acquisitiveness of the Congress consensus. Now that acquisitiveness has been given free rein, it's producing a big advantage. Third is the fact that they have a much younger population, which means that their saving rate is going to increase in the future. A young population with a lot of people who are in the high savings phase of their life cycle is going to save more than an older population as it moves into the retirement phase and may stop active saving. Finally, in many ways India has better institutions. It has a tradition of setting up thoughtful committees before it makes a reform. It has a democratic system, which is a really major advantage. As countries modernize, one of the things people want is a greater say in running their own life. India already has that democracy, China doesn't, and almost every country that's made the transition has gone through a pretty traumatic process. Maybe China will be lucky, but India already has democratized and doesn't face that risk. So for that reason the outlook is fairly good for India. I see little reason so far to think that the Indian growth rate is currently above 6-7 percent on a trend basis, but that's a lot higher than most countries have achieved for long periods of time. It's high enough to take India into the first world in the course of some of our lifetimes. I don't see this as a threat to the United States in any event. For all the jobs that are being outsourced to India, there's some outsourcing in the opposite direction, opportunities that are only going to increase as India grows richer. So the outlook is basically optimistic.

TO KNOW WHAT IS WHAT

Technologies Languages/Tools
(C, C++, Perl, Python, Visual C++, Visual Basic, PowerBuilder, Java, EJB, Servlets, JavaScript, VB Script, JSP, HTML, DHTML, XHTML, XML, XSLT, Visual Age, VB.NET, ASP.NET, AML, Avenue, Visio 2000, Rational Rose, Assembler, COBOL, JCL, CICS, ECL , TIP, Oracle Forms/Reports, MS Access)

Mainframe Tools
(TSO/ISPF, SPUFI, QMF, Excel, XPEDITER,TELON, ENDEAVOR, FILE-AID, MF-REVOLVE, Abend-aid, Key, CA-7, CoolGen, Easytrieve, Intertest)

Middleware
(COM/DCOM/COM+, CORBA/IIOP, RMI, Java Beans, EJP, MSMQ, MQ Series, Tuxedo, Visbroker, TPBroker, ISAPI)

Frameworks
(.NET, J2EE, MS DNA, MS Site Server, BroadVision, J2ME, iPlanet, Oracle, SunOne)

UNIX/Windows/Web Administrators

Network Design, Administration

Security
(SSL, SET, LDAP/X.500, Digital Certificates, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Firewalls (Ciscopix, Checkpoint))

Quality Assurance
(QA Partner, SQA, WinRunner/LoadRunner, Test Director, Webload, Astra QuicTtest/Web Tester, Silk, Automated Testing, Manual Testing)

Helpdesk/Desktop Support specialists

Supply Chain consultants

Web/Application Servers
(IBM Websphere, BEA Weblogic, Apache, IIS, Coldfusion, ATG Dynamo, iPlanet, Netscape Enterprise Server, Netscape Application Server, Vignette, Oracle Application Server, Sybase Application Server)

Operating Systems
(Windows 2000/ NT /Me/98/95, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, LINUX, VMS, SGI)

Data Availability Products
(Veritas Volume Manager, Veritas Cluster, Veritas Netbackup, Sun HA, Legato)

Real Time Embedded
(C, C++, Assembly, pSOS, VRTX, VxWorks, OS/9, RTOS, MTOS, QNX, WindRiver)

RDBMS
(Oracle, DB2, UDB, MS SQL Server, Informix, Sybase, DMS, IMS, MySQL)

Business/System Analysts

ERP
(SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards)

CRM
(Siebel, Clarify, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Vantive, Epiphany, Brio, Salesforce)

Content Management
(Documentum, Interwoven, LiveLink, Filenet, Plumtree)

Data Warehousing/Business Intelligence/ETL
(Ab Initio, Business Objects, Informatica, ETL, Cognos, Microstrategy)

Project Managers

Report Writing/Data Warehousing Tools
(4GL, Ab Initio, Business Objects, Powerplay, COGNOS, Brio, Crystal Reports, Oracle Reports, SQR, Actuate)

Data Architecture/Modeling
(Erwin, S-Designer, Visio, LBMS, Casewise, Bachman E-R Diagram)

Database Administrators

Tools
(Rational, Source Safe, Erwin, Clearcase, Purify, SA)

SW Development Meth
(Agile, Rational Unified Process, UML)

Systems Integration
(Vitria, Tibco, Agile, MQ Series, Seebeyond, Webmethods, Crossworlds)

Middleware
(Tuxedo, MQ Series, CommerceQuest, Oracle Middleware, SQL*Net, ODBC)

Groupware
(Lotus Notes/Domino Server, MS Exchange Server, Novell Groupwise)

Release Engineering
(Clearcase, Clearquest, RCS, SCCS, CVS, Installshield)

ABOUT ERP

ABOUT ERP

sap tibco informatica clarify vitria oracle jd edwards siebel peoplesoft These terms only appear in links pointing to this page: erps Page 1 SAP R/3 PeopleSoft Professional Services Organizations, Public Sector, Staffing, Utilities, Wholesale Distribution Banking and Capital Markets, Communications, Consumer Products, Federal Government, Healthcare High Technology, Higher Education, Industrial Products, Insurance, Life Sciences PeopleSoft Solutions for Small and Mid-Sized Organizations PeopleSoft Industry Solutions Application Integration : AppConnect (Enterprise Portal, Integration Broker, Enterprise Warehouse) HRMS, Financials, SCM, EPM, PeopleTools Supplier Relationship Management, Customer Relationship Management, Enterprise Performance Management, Enterprise Service Automation Human Resources Management Solutions (HRMS), Human Capital Management (HCM) Financial Management Solutions, Manufacturing (formerly Supply Chain Management) PeopleTools, PeopleTools Enterprise, PeopleSoft Pure Internet Architecture SAP xApp Resource and Program Management (SAP xRPM) SAP NetWeaver / Enterprise Services Architecture SAP xApps - packaged composite applications SAP xApp Mergers and Acquisitions (SAP xMA), SAP xApp Product Definition (SAP xPD), SAP Business One mySAP All-in-One Prepackaged solutions Service Providers, Telecommunications, Utilities SAP Solutions for Small and Midsize Businesses (SMB) Higher Education & Research, High Tech, Industrial Machinery & Components, Insurance, Media, Mill Products, Mining, Oil & Gas, Pharmaceuticals, Professional Services, Public Sector, Retail, Aerospace & Defense, Automotive, Banking, Chemicals, Consumer Products, Engineering, Construction & Operations, Financial Service Provider, Healthcare, mySAP Supplier Relationship Management, mySAP Supply Chain Management SAP Industry Solution Portfolios (23) mySAP ERP, mySAP Financials, mySAP Human Resources, mySAP Marketplace, mySAP Mobile Business, mySAP Product Lifecycle Management, mySAP Business Suite mySAP Business Intelligence, mySAP Customer Relationship Management, mySAP Enterprise Portal, IS - Industry Solutions New Dimension products - APO, CRM, PLM, SRM, SEM Tools, Programming, Functional/Technical Implementation/Support, Configuration, Customisation, Reports, Maintenance, Training ABAP, Basis, FI, CO, AM, SD, MM, HR, PM, WM, PP, PS, QM CA - Cross Applications (WF - Workflow, BW / BIW – Business Information Warehouse, Office, Workplace), EDI Range of Skill Sets Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) Page 2 JD Edwards World-soft OneWorld XE BaaN Multi-channel configuration and guided selling (Cameleon Advanced Configurator) Desktop, Project Realization Management ( PRM ), Decision Support (DS) / Business Intelligence Trade Management, Partner Relationship Management (Cameleon Channel Selling), The Planner, Advanced knowledge management (Cameleon Collaborative Modeler), CRM (Cameleon Direct Selling) iBaan Enterprise, OpenWorldX, Product Lifecycle Management ( PLM ), Dynamic Enterprise Modeling ( DEM ) MFG/PRO eB2 ( QAD ) Manufacturing, Sales & Distribution, Financials, Warehouse Management, Service & Support Management Industrial Manufacturing, Life Sciences, Professional Services, Retail, Travel and Transportation, Utilities Tools, Finance, Manufacturing, Sales, Distribution, iBaan Business Intelligence ( iBaanBIS ), CRM, SCM Aerospace and Defense, Automotive, Chemicals, Communications, Consumer Packaged Goods, Energy Engineering and Construction, Financial Services, Government, Healthcare, High Technology, Higher Education Corporate Governance, Enterprise Portals, Grid Computing, Small & Midsize Business, Security Industry Solutions Business Solutions Business Integration, Business Intelligence (Oracle Analytical Applications), IT Consolidation, Manageability, E-Business Suite Oracle Supply Chain Management (Oracle SCM), Contracts Management Solution, Oracle Partner Solutions (Oracle PartnerNetwork Solutions) Oracle Order Management, Oracle Procurement, Product Lifecycle Management (Oracle PLM), Oracle Projects, Oracle Sales, Oracle Service, Customer Relationship Management (Oracle CRM), Oracle Applications Oracle Financials, Oracle Manufacturing, Human Resources Management System (Oracle HRMS), Oracle Learning Management, Oracle Maintenance Management, Oracle Marketing, JDE Toolset, JDE CNC (Configurable Network Computing) JDE Functional JDE Technical Mining, Paper, Professional Services, Public Sector, Real Estate, Utilities, Wholesale Distribution JDE Administration Automotive, Chemicals, Communications, Consumer Products, Construction, Energy, Field Service Financial Services, High Tech and Electronics, Homebuilders, Industrial Manufacturing, Life Sciences Supplier Relationship Management, Supply Chain Management, OneWorld J.D. Edwards Industry Solutions Asset Lifecycle Management, Business Intelligence and Performance Management Collaboration and Integration, Customer Relationship Management, Financial Management Homebuilder Management, Human Capital Management, Project Management, Real Estate Management, PeopleSoft EnterpriseOne Product Lines (Formerly known as J.D. Edwards 5) PeopleSoft World (formerly WorldSoftware) Page 3 Siebel Oracle CRM SAP CRM ETL Tools : Databases : OLAP tools : Data Mining : Packages : C, C++, Java, J2EE, Perl, Solaris, Linux, HP-Unix, IBM AIX, Pro*C, PowerBuilder, PASCAL, DELPHI, Shell Scripting, PL/SQL, Carrier Grade Linux, RT-Linux, UML, TCL/Tk, Unix/Windows Systems Programming, Unix, Windows, RTOS - VXWorks / WINCE / PSOS. Sun Technologies / Web technologies / middleware Dimensional data modeling, VLDB performance management, high performance ETL, data cleansing, e-business intelligence, CRM Datawarehouse, Enterprise BI Consulting, ERP Analytics, Managed Services, Supply Chain Intelligence Open Systems / Technologies SAS, SPSS Clementine SAS, SAP BW / BIW Data Quality tools : Trillium, QualityStage, FirstLogic Metadata Management : Ascential Metastage, Platinum Repository Microsoft, Holos, Hyperion, ProClarity, Crystal Enterprise suite, Actuate Packaged Analytics : Informatica Warehouse, Epiphany, BO Analytics Modelling tools : Designer 2000, ERWIN, Warehouse Architect Business Objects, Cognos (Impromptu, Powerplay), Microstrategy, Brio, DB2 OLAP, Oracle Discoverer, Decision Stream, Business Objects Data Integrator, PL/SQL (Extraction), Microsoft Teradata, Oracle, IBM UDB / DB2, SQL Server Data Warehousing, Data Mining, Business Intelligence Informatica PowerCenter, Ascential DataStage, Ab Initio, ETI Extract, Oracle Warehouse Builder, Peoplesoft CRM Salesforce.com Siebel Universal Application Network (UAN) integration platform / framework ( Siebel MidMarket, Sales, Marketing, Call Centre & Service, Customer Order Management, Partner Relationship Management Siebel CRM OnDemand ) Analytics, Employee Relationship Management, Universal Application Network, Universal Customer Master Customer Relationship Management ( CRM ) / Sales Force Automation / Marketing Automation Functional / Technical implementation / integration / testing Supply Chain Management ( SCM ) SAP APO, Oracle APS, i2, Manugistics, Yantra, Peoplesoft SCM, Manhattan WMS Microsoft Navision, CA AccPac, ESS Makess / ebizframe, Ramco iEnterprise, Icode Everest Interoperability (EDI Ecommerce, Qxtend - Inbound & QDocs, Q/LinQ, Data Synchronization) QAD eQ (private trading exchange (PTX) intelligent order management - Sell-Side, Buy-Side & Replenishment MFGx.net Page 4 IIOP, OIT Broad Vision, Interwoven, Vignette, Documentum, PlumTree, iLog, Portal Server Portals & Content Management J2EE (Java, JSP, XMl, EJB), App servers (Bea Weblogic / Webspehere), Open Market, Divine Content Server, ATG Dynamo, Generic Portal and Content Management Services, IBM Webspehere Commerce / Portal, Sun One Portal, BEA Weblogic Portal, ATG, Integrating packaged applications on Mainframe, AS/400, Unix Platforms & Windows Integrating packaged applications such as Siebel, SAP CRM, Clarify, Chordiant, SAP, Peoplesoft, Oracle Applications, JD Edwards, Baan WebMethods, TIBCO, IBM MQ Series / IBM MQ on OS/390, SeeBeyond, BEA WLI, BizTalk, Vitria, Mercator, Cloverleaf, SAP NetWeaver, Crossworlds, JMS, Webservices, WMQI, MQSI, OOAD, Java, J2EE, XML, Application servers (BEA Weblogic, IBM Websphere), RDBMS, EDI C, Java, C++, VC++, Visual Basic ( VB ), Powerbuilder, Delphi, Oracle Developer, PL/SQL, X-Motif, TeleUse, Swing, MFC, PASCAL, COBOL Enterprise Application Integration ( EAI ) Oracle, MS SQL Server, Sybase, IBM DB2, Informix, Ingres, Versant, MS Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MUMPS, Caché Languages / Application Development / GUI HTML, DHTML, CGI, Perl, Tcl/Tk, PHP, XML, Cold Fusion, ASP, ASP.NET, Javascript, JSP, Expect, TTCN, Shell Scripting Databases / Database Administration ( DBA ) / Data Modeling Visual Source Safe Web Scripting / Telecom Scripting Development / Design / Project Management / IDE Tools WebSphere Studio, Jdeveloper, Rational Rose, Clearcase, Purify / PurifyPlus, Quantify, Ervin, HP Openview, JBuilder, JProbe, Methodology / Application Design Frameworks / Design Patterns / Software Engineering RUP, OOAD, OOP, CORBA, struts, MVC, UML, SDLC, Rational Rose, System/Product Architecture, Release Management Application Servers / Web Servers WebSphere, Weblogic, iPlanet, Apache, JBoss, Orion .NET, VB, ASP, IIS, VB.NET, ASP.NET, C# COM, COM+, DCOM, MTS, ATL, ActiveX, Windows SDK, MFC, Win32 API, VBscript, VC++, Crystal Reports, Access, SQLServer, BizTalk Microsoft Technologies Java, EJB, J2EE, J2ME, XML, API JavaScript, JSP, JTA, Servlets, EJB, RMI, JDBC, SSL Certificates, Web services, SOAP, CORBA, Orbix, VisiBroker, Tuxedo, WLE, Apache MQSeries, TIBCO, WebSphere, NetDynamics, WebLogic, Netscape Enterprise Server, SunOne, Zope, BPML/BPEL, Perl, RogueWave Page 5 IBM AS/400 Mainframe EDI IN, PCS, WLL / WiLL, corDECT, GMPCS, DSP, DWDM, IPSec, NMS, Protocol Stacks, Routing, X.25, Media Platforms, TeMIP, Openview, Network / Telecommunication / Cellular / Wireless Technologies (Software/hardware design, set-up, admin, billing) Digital communication / Mobile communication / Networks / Signal Processing / Datacom / Wireless development, Sustenance TCP/IP, VoIP / IP Telephony, ISDN, SS7, ATM, Frame Relay, IP, MPLS, SNMP, DSL / ADSL / xDSL, UMTS, WiFi, Bluetooth, VPN, VSAT, CTI, Mentor Grpahics, DFT, ATPG, Hspice/SpectreRF Tools, Nanosim, Design Compiler, Ambit, Synplify ASIC, Modelsim, NC Sim, VCS, STA Gentran/EDIFACT C, pSOS, VxWorks, QNX Neutrino, Assembly, MATLAB, SDL, Embedded Linux, SystemC, VERA, Specman, RTL Verilog, SCADA, VLSI, SPICE, ASIC, FPGA, VHDL, System-on-Chip ( SoC ), ECAD, DFM, PCB, Design, Verification, Layout, Signal Integrity Cadence, Synopsys, Magma, Rational Rose, TI DSP C55x, C64x, OMAP, DM270, ARM, MIPS, RTRT, Visual DSP, Anite,Aniritsu, PrimeTime Simulators, Physical Compiler, verification tools, Physical Design, RF / Analog circuit design (DAC, ADC, PLL), Mixed Signal Processing, Credit Card Systems : VisionPlus / Vision Plus, Cardpac, Hogan, Cogen, Ingenium/Capasil Embedded Systems / RTOS / Chip Designing / EDA / Digital Signal Processing ( DSP ) / Hardware Design JCL, VSAM, COBOL, VS COBOL II, CICS, DB2, IMS DB/DC, PL/1, VSAML SAS, ASSEMBLER, DB2 DBA, IMS DBA, MQ, MVS, REXX, NATURAL, ADABAS, FILE AID, XPEDITOR, TOOLS, z/OS, S390, OS390, CLIST, QMF, QSAM, Sysplex, CA-11, VTAM, VPS, Connect:Direct CA-7, SYSVIEW, Panvalet, EZtrieve, Syncsort, Fileaid, JCLcheck, Librarian, Control/M/R/O/D, SMPE, ISPF, HCD, Omegamon, ALC, ZEKE SNA, SNI, TCP/IP, NCP, Net View, SuperSession, FEP, NDM, TSO, ISPF, CA Platinum, Datacom, IDMS, Supra IBM Mainframe s/390, Unisys, NEC, Hewlett Packard, DEC, Sun Unix Kernel, Unix Internals, System dump analysis, Multithread programming, Transaction processing, Messaging. OS/400, RPG/400, SQL/400, COBOL/400, DB/400, SYNON, COOLPLEX, COOL:2E Unix, Windows NT, Windows 2000, C, C++, TCP/IP, Firewall, BGP, OSPF, ATM, Frame Relay, DLSW+, SNA, ISDN Unix / Windows / C / C++ Programming / Networking Software / Systems Programming / Embedded Software Compilers, Device Drivers, Libraries, Network Programming, Networking Protocol Stacks (TCP/IP, USB, 1394, IPv6, SNMP, OSPF, RIP) Unix, Sun Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX, Windows NT, SCO Unix, Linux (RedHat, SuSE, Mandrake, debian) Networking / Network Management System ( LAN / WAN / VPN ) J2EE, .NET, Web Methods, Application Servers, XML, Web Servers, Web services ( SOAP, UDDI, WSDL ), OO design, EDI, Gentran System Administration Enterprise Web Services Page 6 Consulting). GIS, GPS Multimedia (protocols / system software / stacks / application frameworks) Enterprise System Management ( ESM ) / IT Infrastructure Management CA TNG Unicenter, HP OpenView, IBM Tivoli ArcGIS, ArcIMS, ArcPad, Map Objects, ER-Mapper, ERDAS ESRI, Spatial Data Engine (SDE), API, Maps, Raster Images, Feature Manipulation Engine (FME), Data Conversion, Data Modeling, UML Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS, CATIA, ANSYS, Nastran, Helix, Alias, AutoCAD Veritas, EMC, SCSI, TCP/IP, RAID, Volument Management, Tape Manager, NFS, CIFS, AFP, FTP, Fiber Channel, Snap OS, Guardian Network traffic monitoring, Pack Sniffing - Ether Peek, NetMon and Ethereal, Clustering, High availability, fall-over concepts CAD, CAM, CAE, FEA, PDM Texas Instruments / TI, Intel Storage Systems ( SAN, NAS ), Backup, Disaster Recovery / DR Networking / Telecommunication, Voice, Data, Call Center - Products / Systems / Solutions Cisco, Lucent, Nortel, Juniper, Intel (Centrino), Avaya, Hughes, Motorola, Siemens, Nokia, Ericsson, Alcatel, Qualcomm / customisation / configuration / system environment setup (Telecom roles : Technical, Techno-commercial, Techno-management, Sales-support, Business development, Business management, eView, Progressor, CABS, Unicorn, Prodigy, Portal Infranet, Portal Integrate, Portal Pipeline, Radius, LDAP. Telecom billing software development / support / production / maintenance / upgradation / migration / fine-tuning / changes / enhancement / reporting / problem solving / version control / de-bugging / testing / quality control / implementation Telecommunications / Telco operators : Wireless, Wireline, Mobile, Cable, Broadband, DBS, Satellite, DVB, Fibre. Telecom OSS / BSS, Telecom Billing, Mediation, Activation, VAS, Fraud Management, Transaction Management Digiquant, Granite, Cramer, Convergys, Atlys, ISIS, ensemble, P2K / Precedent, Xacct, Metasolv, Amdocs, Kenan, Arbor, BSCS Mobile Protocol Stacks Solutions, Multi-layer stack development, embedded systems, microprocessor architecture, mobile standards for L1, L2, L3 layers and mobile phone architecture, test case development/execution, GUI/MMI, Component devt., application frameworks for handsets, framework development. Broadband, WCS (fixed wireless), limited wireless, wireless broadband, WIN (wireless intelligent network), Wireless Internet, Wireless IP, WOS (Wireless Office Systems - to transfer calls to a mobile telephone), WiMAN / WiMAX / 802.16, TIBCO, Convergence Technologies Digital communication / Mobile communication / Handset software applications, Mobile / PDA / Smartphone Call processing, OAM agent development, Physical layer development, Protocol design and development, Testing GSM, CDMA / CDMA 2000, WCDMA, TDMA, Wi-Fi / WLAN / 802.11 (a,b,g), i-mode, 2.5G / GPRS, UMTS, VoIP, WAP, SMS, MMS, 3G, EDGE, MMI, RTP, H.324 / H.323, TCP/IP, DHCP, Radius, RAN (BTS, BSC, NodeB, RNC, OMC), Wireless Networks Page 7 Distribution, Retail, Supply Chain, Logistics, Utilities (Energy), Telecommunication, Chemicals, Oils / Petroleum, Pharmaceuticals, Aerospace, Defence, Automotive, Electronics, Industrial Machinery & Equipments, Consumer Products, Food and beverage, Industrial Products, Medical Products etc Domain Specialists / Project Managers / Product Managers with IT Project management experience Finance, Accounting, Investment, Mutual Funds, Pension, Treasury, Banking, Insurance, Credit Card, Healthcare, Manufacturing, MCSE, MCSD, CCNA, CCNP, RHCE and other certifications from Sun, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, CISCO, CA, HP, Checkpoint, Brainbench etc. Bio-informatics / Healthcare Informatics C / C++ / Linux / .NET / J2EE / Oracle / Embedded / Firmware / RTOS / Telecom Software testing Certifications White box testing, Manual testing, Automated Testing Functionality testing, Compatibility testing, Performance Testing, Usability Testing, Security Testing Mercury Interactive, Scope, Rational Test RealTime, Cpp Unit, TTCN, Segue, Vision Plus WinRunner, LoadRunner, SkillTest, TestDirector, Rational Robot, Silk Test, CMM, CMMI privacy, trust issues, non repudiation issues, authentication, encryption, access control etc., CISSP, BS 7799, CCIE Security, CCSP Software Quality Assurance, Software Engineering, Software Testing, ISO, CMM PKI, Cryptography, J2EE/.NET, JSP/ASP, XML, App Servers, Webservers, LDAP Servers, Single Sign On, Provisioning and Directory. Secure Socket Layers (SSL), Prevention of Denial of Service (DoS), Virus / Trojan Horse / Worm attacks. Wireless network risks : Insertion attack, interception and monitoring wireless traffic, misconfiguration, jamming, client to client attacks, Enterprise Security Security strategy, architecture, design, implementation, management in the area of Global Risk Management, Identity and Access Management Solution, Global Trust and Privacy Solution, Enterprise Encryption Solutions and Managed Security Services. Wireless Devices / PDA - Operating Systems (OS) / Systems/Application development software Symbian EPOC, WinCE, PalmOS, eLinux, Smartphone, Nokia, PSOS, J2ME, BREW, Embedded Linux, Java, EVC++, AppForge Palm OS, CodeWarrior, VxWorks, Nucleus, Unix DSP, MMS, Mediaplayer, 3G Videophone, Camera, VoD, MPEG-4, Dolby, DTS, WMA / WMV, AAC, HDMI, MOST, CAN, Digital Radio, Cryptography (RSA,DES,Triple DES,IDEA, MD5,SHA-1), Audio/Video Coding, MPEG Standards, Speech, Algorithm design Symbian MMF, UIQ Series 60, OPA, BREW, Codec Engines, Development of protocols, application engines and UI. Peripheral access and device drivers (Camera, speaker, LCD screen, communication ports) JPEG, MP3, AC3, MP3PRO, MPEG2, MPEG4, MPEG7, H.264, H.324, Audio processing, Audio codecs, Speech codecs, Video Codecs, Page 8

java questions

Question: Name the containers which uses Border Layout as their default layout?
Answer: Containers which uses Border Layout as their default are: window, Frame and Dialog classes.

Question: What do you understand by Synchronization?
Answer: Synchronization is a process of controlling the access of shared resources by the multiple threads in such a manner that only one thread can access one resource at a time. In non synchronized multithreaded application, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating the object's value. Synchronization prevents such type of data corruption.
E.g. Synchronizing a function:
public synchronized void Method1 () {
// Appropriate method-related code.
}
E.g. Synchronizing a block of code inside a function:
public myFunction (){
synchronized (this) {
// Synchronized code here.
}
}

Question: What is Collection API?
Answer: The Collection API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operation on collections of objects. These classes and interfaces are more flexible, more powerful, and more regular than the vectors, arrays, and hashtables if effectively replaces.
Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap.
Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map.

Question: Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?
Answer: Iterator is an interface which is used to step through the elements of a Collection.

Question: What is similarities/difference between an Abstract class and Interface?
Answer: Differences are as follows:

• Interfaces provide a form of multiple inheritance. A class can extend only one other class.
• Interfaces are limited to public methods and constants with no implementation. Abstract classes can have a partial implementation, protected parts, static methods, etc.
• A Class may implement several interfaces. But in case of abstract class, a class may extend only one abstract class.
• Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to to find corresponding method in in the actual class. Abstract classes are fast.

Similarities:

• Neither Abstract classes or Interface can be instantiated.
  

Question: How to define an Abstract class?
Answer: A class containing abstract method is called Abstract class. An Abstract class can't be instantiated.
Example of Abstract class:
abstract class testAbstractClass {
protected String myString;
public String getMyString() {
return myString;
}
public abstract string anyAbstractFunction();
}

Question: How to define an Interface?
Answer: In Java Interface defines the methods but does not implement them. Interface can include constants. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface.
Emaple of Interface:

public interface sampleInterface {
public void functionOne();

public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000;
}

Question: Explain the user defined Exceptions?
Answer: User defined Exceptions are the separate Exception classes defined by the user for specific purposed. An user defined can created by simply sub-classing it to the Exception class. This allows custom exceptions to be generated (using throw) and caught in the same way as normal exceptions.
Example:
class myCustomException extends Exception {
// The class simply has to exist to be an exception
}

Question: Explain the new Features of JDBC 2.0 Core API?
Answer: The JDBC 2.0 API includes the complete JDBC API, which includes both core and Optional Package API, and provides inductrial-strength database computing capabilities.
New Features in JDBC 2.0 Core API:

• Scrollable result sets- using new methods in the ResultSet interface allows programmatically move the to particular row or to a position relative to its current position
• JDBC 2.0 Core API provides the Batch Updates functionality to the java applications.
• Java applications can now use the ResultSet.updateXXX methods.
• New data types - interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
• Custom mapping of user-defined types (UTDs)
• Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character streams, full precision for java.math.BigDecimal values, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.

Question: Explain garbage collection?
Answer: Garbage collection is one of the most important feature of Java. Garbage collection is also called automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects (value is null) from the memory. User program cann't directly free the object from memory, instead it is the job of the garbage collector to automatically free the objects that are no longer referenced by a program. Every class inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable when no more in use. I Java on calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected.

Question: How you can force the garbage collection?
Answer: Garbage collection automatic process and can't be forced.

Question: What is OOPS?
Answer: OOP is the common abbreviation for Object-Oriented Programming.

Question: Describe the principles of OOPS.
Answer: There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation.

Question: Explain the Encapsulation principle.
Answer: Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper.

Question: Explain the Inheritance principle.
Answer: Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.

Question: Explain the Polymorphism principle.
Answer: The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as as general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. The concept of polymorphism can be explained as "one interface, multiple methods".

Question: Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.
Answer: From a practical programming viewpoint, polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:

• Method overloading
• Method overriding through inheritance
• Method overriding through the Java interface

Question: What are Access Specifiers available in Java?
Answer: Access specifiers are keywords that determines the type of access to the member of a class. These are:

• Public
• Protected
• Private
• Defaults

Question: Describe the wrapper classes in Java.
Answer: Wrapper class is wrapper around a primitive data type. An instance of a wrapper class contains, or wraps, a primitive value of the corresponding type.

Following table lists the primitive types and the corresponding wrapper classes:

Primitive	Wrapper
boolean	java.lang.Boolean
byte	java.lang.Byte
char	java.lang.Character
double	java.lang.Double
float	java.lang.Float
int	java.lang.Integer
long	java.lang.Long
short	java.lang.Short
void	java.lang.Void

Question: Read the following program:

public class test {
public static void main(String [] args) {
int x = 3;
int y = 1;
if (x = y)
System.out.println("Not equal");
else
System.out.println("Equal");
}
}

What is the result?
A. The output is “Equal”
B. The output in “Not Equal”
C. An error at " if (x = y)" causes compilation to fall.
D. The program executes but no output is show on console.
Answer: C

Question: what is the class variables ?
Answer: When we create a number of objects of the same class, then each object will share a common copy of variables. That means that there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are created from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class, but mind it that it should be declared outside outside a class. These variables are stored in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants, variable that never change its initial value. Static variables are always called by the class name. This variable is created when the program starts i.e. it is created before the instance is created of class by using new operator and gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same a instance variable. The class variable can be defined anywhere at class level with the keyword static. It initial value is same as instance variable. When the class variable is defined as int then it's initial value is by default zero, when declared boolean its default value is false and null for object references. Class variables are associated with the class, rather than with any object.

Question: What is the difference between the instanceof and getclass, these two are same or not ?
Answer: instanceof is a operator, not a function while getClass is a method of java.lang.Object class. Consider a condition where we use
if(o.getClass().getName().equals("java.lang.Math")){ }
This method only checks if the classname we have passed is equal to java.lang.Math. The class java.lang.Math is loaded by the bootstrap ClassLoader. This class is an abstract class.This class loader is responsible for loading classes. Every Class object contains a reference to the ClassLoader that defines. getClass() method returns the runtime class of an object. It fetches the java instance of the given fully qualified type name. The code we have written is not necessary, because we should not compare getClass.getName(). The reason behind it is that if the two different class loaders load the same class but for the JVM, it will consider both classes as different classes so, we can't compare their names. It can only gives the implementing class but can't compare a interface, but instanceof operator can.
The instanceof operator compares an object to a specified type. We can use it to test if an object is an instance of a class, an instance of a subclass, or an instance of a class that implements a particular interface. We should try to use instanceof operator in place of getClass() method. Remember instanceof opeator and getClass are not same. Try this example, it will help you to better understand the difference between the two.
Interface one{
}

Class Two implements one {
}
Class Three implements one {
}

public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
one test1 = new Two();
one test2 = new Three();
System.out.println(test1 instanceof one); //true
System.out.println(test2 instanceof one); //true
System.out.println(Test.getClass().equals(test2.getClass())); //false
}
}

software companies in chennai

Indchem Software Technologies limited
Specialisation: Communications and Networking, Process Control and Industrial Automation, Real Time Audio and Video, Banking and Insurance
Website: www.sanmargroup.com
Email: [ sp | at | sanmargroup.com ]
Location: Chennai

India Software Group-ISG
Specialisation: Enterprise Wide Solutions- ERP Implementation - SAP & Oracle and Productivity Improvement Tools - Plexus & Lotus, Datawarehousing & Mining - SAS Tools, Custom Development of Off-Shore and On-site Services, Human Resource Management System Product Develop
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Location: Chennai

Intelligent Systems India Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Software Development, System Integration, Software Migration, Product Development and Maintenance
Email: [ isi | at | md2.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Insoft.com Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Formulate, design,develop, market, franchise, export, sell & licence software
Website: www.insoft.com
Email: [ admin | at | insoft.com ]
Location: Chennai

Kumaran Systems (P) Ltd.
Specialisation: Migration (Anywhere to Oracle, Anywhere To Microsoft), Systems Management, Internet Services
Website: www.kumaran.com
Email: [ mohans-office | at | kumaran.com ]
Location: Chennai

Laser Soft Infosystems Ltd.
Specialisation: Banking, Trade Finance, Healthcare, E-commerce
Website: www.lsisl.com
Email: [ lsi | at | vsnl.com ]
Location: Chennai

Lateral Software Technology Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Education Training on Linux, Open Sources & Linux, software Development, e-business Enabled
Website: www.lateralsoftware.com
Email: [ lateral | at | md4.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Landmark Infotech Systems & Solutions Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Applied IT Training, Biometric Software solutions, Retail/Suply chain solutions, Logistics
Website: www.landmarkinfotech.com
Location: Chennai

Lister Technologies Private Ltd
Specialisation: Wireless & Mobile solutions, E-solutions implementation, SMART card solutions, wireless consultancy
Website: www.listertechnologies.com
Email: [ murali | at | listremail.com ]
Location: Chennai

Maijosoft Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Client / Server application development in Java Technology, Embedded System Testing Tool development, Real time Operating Systems, Windows Device Driver and Application Development
Website: www.maijosoft.com
Email: [ maijo | at | vsnl.com ]
Location: Chennai

Mascon Global Limited
Specialisation: Manufacturing, ERP, E-Commerce, Banking
Website: www.masconit.com
Email: [ krp | at | masconit.com ]
Location: Chennai

Milcom Software
Specialisation: Software Solutions & Consultancy, ERP Systems integration, E-commerce & web related solutions, Distributed Networks
Website: www.milcomsoftware.com
Email: [ milcom | at | eth.net ]
Location: Chennai

Megasoft Limited
Specialisation: Development and maintenance of software applications, including products and web-based tools; design, implementation, and administration of systems, including databases and networks; and end-to-end consulting for e-business solutions.
Website: www.megasoft.com
Email: [ gkrao | at | megasoft.com ]
Location: Chennai

Mel Systems and Services Ltd
Specialisation: Embedded System, System Integration, Simulation, Process Information System
Website: www.melssindia.com
Email: [ nramachandran | at | melss.com ]
Location: Chennai

Meru Convergent Technologies Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: E-commerce, Wireless applications, ERP/Legacy Systems, Storage management & disaster recovery system
Website: www.meru.co.in
Email: [ rsgopal | at | meru.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Zenith Global Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: CBT Courseware Development, Selling CBT Courseware in India, Y2K Conversion
Website: www.zenithglobal.com
Email: [ zenglobe | at | md3.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Vibgyor Graphics and Research Centre Limited
Specialisation: Web technologies, ERP solutions, Multimedia development, Software product development
Website: www.vibgyor.com
Email: [ periyar | at | vsnl.com ]
Location: Chennai

Value Software Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Year 2000 solutions, software maintenance and migration, RDBMS, datawarehousing, datamining and system integrations and networking, Business process consultancy, re-engineering and euro currency solutions, Software product development, distribution,
Website: www.vastglobal.com
Email: [ vastindia | at | vastglobal.com ]
Location: Chennai

Temenos Systems (India) Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Integrated banking software, Implementation, Consultancy to banks, ERP for banks
Website: www.temenos.com
Email: [ jay | at | temenos.com ]
Location: Chennai

TVS eTechnology Limited
Specialisation: Telecom Software, Embedded & device drivers
Email: [ ss.swaminathan | at | ssg.tvse.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Vyapin Software Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Internet Technologies, Windows NT Systems Management, Client / Server Development, I.T.Enabled Data Management Services
Website: www.vyapin.com
Email: [ vyapin | at | vsnl.com ]
Location: Chennai

Servion Global Solutions Ltd
Specialisation: Contact centre, Web enabled call centre, CRM system integration
Website: www.servion.com
Email: [ raghunadan | at | servion.com ]
Location: Chennai


SRF Infotel (A Division of SRF Ltd )
Specialisation: Business process outsourcing, data management/accounting back office, ERP implementation, Intranet/workflow application development
Email: [ cvenu | at | srf-limited.com ]
Location: Chennai

Sofil Information Systems Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: E- Commerce and Internet Technology, Embedded Software, Application Development, Networking solutions
Website: www.sofil.net
Email: [ salesdesk | at | sofil.satyam.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Shapre Global Info Services Limited
Specialisation: E - Commerce Solutions, CAD / CAE/ GIS Solutions, Communication Software, Multimedia
Website: www.shapreglobal.com
Email: [ shapre | at | shapreglobal.com ]
Location: Chennai

SSI Technologies
Specialisation: Banking, Telecom, Securities, Health care
Website: www.ssi-technologies.com
Email: [ shrini | at | ssitechnologies.com ]
Location: Chennai

SIP Technologies & Exports Ltd.
Specialisation: Internet / Java Technologies, CAD / CAM and Engineering Services, Enterprise Applications
Website: www.siptech.com
Email: [ info | at | siptech.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Soffia Softwares Limited
Specialisation: Products and Packages, Internet and E-commerce, Consultancy & Projects, Training
Website: www.soffia.com
Email: [ venkat | at | soffiasoftware.com ]
Location: Chennai

SRA Systems Limited
Specialisation: Document Management / Knowledge Management / Imaging, E-commerce & Web Development, Software Projects, Consulting & Contracting
Website: www.srasys.co.in
Email: [ rrm | at | srasys.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Sterling Infotech Limited
Specialisation: Internet, Multimedia, Software Application Development, Network Solutions, Portal Development and Internet related solutions
Website: www.sterlingcarnegie.com
Email: [ sterlinginfotech | at | eth.net ]
Location: Chennai

Synergy Log-In Systems Ltd.
Specialisation: Treasury Automation in Banks and Financial Institutions, Off-Shore Project Development, Mutual Fund Systems
Website: www.synlog.net
Email: [ synlog | at | vsnl.com ]
Location: Chennai

SummitWorks Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Custom application development, Entreprise application integration, Enterprise system support, E-business solutions
Website: www.summitworks.com
Email: [ ssn | at | everestconsulting.net ]
Location: Chennai

Systech Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Specialisation: Datawarehousing, Business Intelligence, E-customers relationship management, Enterprise resource Planning, web Technologies & e-business
Website: www.systechusa.com
Email: [ systech | at | systechusa.com ]
Location: Chennai

Sak Infotech Limited
Specialisation: Euro Currency Conversion, Banking/ Financial Software Solutions, E - Commerce Solutions, Enterprise Systems Management
Website: www.sakinfotech.com
Email: [ info | at | sakinfotech.com ]
Location: Chennai


SRM Systems and Software (P) Ltd.
Specialisation: Software development, Consultancy Services, Rubui Domain Training
Website: www.srmsoft.com
Email: [ srm | at | srmsoft.co.in ]
Location: Chennai
Netsavvy Solutions Ltd
Specialisation: Software consulting, software products & services, E-commerce based solutions, project management & systems integration, internet banking
Website: www.nsavvy.com
Email: [ chari | at | nsavvy.com ]
Location: Chennai

Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.
Specialisation: SGML, XML Services, Educational & Project Management, Typesetting, Data Entry
Website: www.newgenimaging.com
Email: [ info | at | newgenimaging.com ]
Location: Chennai

NatureSoft Creative Software Solutions Private Limited
Specialisation: Object Oriented Solutions., Microsoft Certified Solution Provider, Object Oriented Databases, Internet / Intranet and Web Solutions, Linux based Services & Solutions.
Website: www.nature-soft.com
Email: [ nature | at | md2.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Netrascribe Private Limited
Specialisation: Medical Transcription, Transcription Training, Software Development, Medical Insurance Billing
Website: www.netratech.com
Email: [ vasudev_v | at | mailcity.com ]
Location: Chennai

Paramount Informatics (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: IT Enabled Services, On-Site Services, Software Development, Internet Programming
Website: www.paramountworld.com
Email: [ govind | at | paramountworld.com ]
Location: Chennai


Polaris Software Lab Ltd.
Specialisation: Financial Software Services, Product Migration, ERP, WEB Bridge
Website: www.polaris.co.in
Email: [ arun | at | polaris.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Pentamedia Graphics Limited
Specialisation: Education Training, Systems Integration, Process Control, CAD/ CAM/ CAE/ GIS
Website: www.pentafour.com
Email: [ ibd | at | pentafour.com ]
Location: Chennai

Pronet System Ltd.
Specialisation: ERP development with all features for middle and small industries, Super market with all features.
Website: www.pronet-system.com
Email: [ pronet | at | md4.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Pentasoft Technologies Limited
Specialisation: Internet & e-services, ASP/ISP, Solutions to Banking, Financial, Insurance, Business Application, Logistic & Port Management, Manufacturing, Healthcare, Hospitality segments, Solutions to telecommuncation/Networking Technology, CAD/CAM/CAE, GIS/EDM/ESA
Website: www.pentasoftech.com
Email: [ ksrini | at | pentafour.com ]
Location: Chennai

Ritechoice Technologies Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Product for Share market, financial services, application service provider
Website: www.ritechoice.co.in
Email: [ ranga | at | ritechoice.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Ramco Systems Ltd
Specialisation: Emerging Practices using RamcoVirtualWorksTM,E-Business Services, E-Commerce solutions, E-Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Process Solutions, Systems Integration, Networking, Network Security (RADAR),Projects,Client-Server Solution
Website: www.ramco.com
Email: [ jana | at | rsi.ramco.com ]
Location: Chennai

American Megatrends India Private Limited
Specialisation: Desktop and Portable Bios, PCMCIA Solutions and Systems Management Software, Device Drivers for various Operating Systems, GUI, Internet/Intranet, Java, JDBC
Website: www.amindia.co.in
Email: [ sundaramn | at | amiindia.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

AmitySoft Technologies Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Java based software development, software testing, software quality consulting, training on software quality
Website: www.amitysoft.com
Email: [ jayakumar | at | amitysoft.com ]
Location: Chennai

Acsys Software (India) Ltd
Specialisation: Mutual funds, pension funds, insurance, portfolio management
Website: www.acsysindia.com
Email: [ info | at | acsysindia.com ]
Location: Chennai

Aviation Software Development Consultancy India Ltd.
Specialisation: Aviation Software
Email: [ mohankumar | at | asdc.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Accel Software Solutions Limited
Specialisation: Software Development, IT Training, IT Enabled Services, E-Biz Solutions
Website: www.accelssl.com
Email: [ nrpanickerm | at | accel-india.com ]
Location: Chennai

Brigade Corporation India Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Consulting, Web-based services, on-line chat, Intelligent reports
Website: www.brigade.com
Email: [ baskarn | at | brigade.com ]
Location: Chennai

Bhari Information Technology Systems Pvt. Ltd. (BITECH)
Specialisation: Customised Software Development, Euro, Banking Solutions,IBM Mainframe Solutions, E-commerce + Internet Applications
Website: www.bitechm.com
Email: [ bitechg | at | md2.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Barry-Wehmiller International Resources Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Technology Consulting & Architecture, Client Server & Distributed Applications, B2B Portal Design, Mid Range Technologies, E-Business, Artificial Intelligence, Data Mining, Integration between AS/400 and Web, CAD to ERP Integration
Website: www.bwir.com
Email: [ krishnakumar.k | at | marquip.com ]
Location: Chennai


Botree Software International Ltd
Specialisation: Health care & Hospital management, ERP for Textile industry, Supply chain Management, Custom Software development
Website: www.Botree.co.in
Email: [ rajeshkk | at | botree.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Business Application Services Providers Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: ERP products & implementation, WAP technology, E-commerce development, Product development
Website: www.basp.net
Email: [ bepl | at | md4.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Benchmark Softech Ltd
Specialisation: Internet & e-commerce, Intranet Solutions, Oracle applications and CRM, Client /Server solutions
Website: www.benchmarkindia.com
Email: [ vish | at | benchmarkindia.com ]
Location: Chennai

Dexterity Business Analysts (P) Ltd
Specialisation: Reengineering, Software Development, Web enabling of legacy systems, Maintenance, Support and Enhancement in mainframe and client-server area
Website: www.dba-corp.com
Email: [ info | at | dba-corp.com ]
Location: Chennai

DSQ Software Limited
Specialisation: Onsite Services, Systems Integration, Packaged Software, Training, Offshore Maintenance, Turnkey Projects, Data Capture, Data Conversion, Data Processing
Website: www.dsqsoft.com
Email: [ crkannan | at | md.in.dsqsoft.com ]
Location: Madras

Deltatec Solutions Ltd.
Specialisation: RP, Client-Server Applications, Datawarehouse, OLAP, Publishing Solutions, Software Engineering Tools, Quality Assurance Services, System Integration and Enterprise-wide Networking, Electronic Publishing & Cataloguing
Email: [ dsl | at | express.indemp.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Data Software Research company International Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Onsite and Offshore Consultancy Services, Component Technology Development, Professional Education Services, Y2K and Euro Solutions
Website: www.dsrc.com
Email: [ maurice | at | dsrc.co.in ]
Location: Chennai

Cherrysoft Information Technologies Ltd
Specialisation: Web-solutions, Client-server application, Enterprise resources planning, Embedded systems software
Website: www.cherrysoft.com
Email: [ info | at | cherrysoft.co.in ]
Location: Chennai


Changepond Technologies Ltd
Specialisation: development for e-business & mobile commerce solutions, Expertise in XML & WML on Java Beans
Website: www.changepond.com
Email: [ sindhu | at | changepond.com ]
Location: Chennai

California Software Co. Ltd.
Specialisation: e- Business Solutions, Windows based Systems, B2B Trading Platform- Product, Product Re- Engineering Services
Website: www.calsoft.co.in
Email: [ santosh | at | cswl.com ]
Location: Chennai

Covansys India (Private) Ltd
Specialisation: Softare development & maintenance in mainframe, Client / Server, Internet / e-commerce, Data Warehousing, CRM and ERP (SAP, People Soft).
Website: www.covansysindia.com
Email: [ vshankar | at | cbsinc.com ]
Location: Chennai



Congruent Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Web Applications Development using Java / J2EE framework & Microsoft middleware tools. Expertise in WebLogic, Websphere & iPlanet, Expertise in B2B applications using XML, Wireless applications using WAP
Website: www.cspl.com
Email: [ sales | at | cspl.com/vc@cspl.com ]
Location: Chennai


Cognizant Technology Solutions
Specialisation: Insurance, Healthcare, Media, Financial Services
Website: www.cognizant.com
Email: [ RajB | at | chn.cognizant.com ]
Location: Chennai



CG MAERSK Information Technologies Ltd.
Specialisation: Mainframe Design and Development, Lotus Notes, Client-Server Design and Development, Back Office Operations, Dataprocessing / Data conversions, Medical Transcription
Website: www.cgmaersk.com
Email: [ info | at | cgmaersk.com ]
Location: Chennai


Commerce and Communication Technologies Ltd
Specialisation: Banking, Telecom, Finance, Insurance, E-systems integration, ASP, wireless & communication software development, off-shore software development, outsourcing
Website: www.bestcc.com
Email: [ raman | at | bestcc.com ]
Location: Chennai

GAVS Information Services Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Application Reengineering, E-Commerce Implementation, Corporate Treasury Information System Development, Mainframe Application Support
Website: www.gavsin.com
Email: [ gavfsl | at | giasmd01.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

HTC Software Development Centre
Specialisation: Professional Services, Application Outsourcing, Project Management, Packaged Service
Website: www.htcinc.com
Email: [ madhava | at | htcinc.com ]
Location: Chennai



Genesis Infotech Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Client-server technology, E-commerce training and projects, Consultancy
Website: www.genesisintl.com
Email: [ anand | at | genesisintl.com ]
Location: Chennai



Global e-Solutions Limited
Specialisation: Software Development, Training in E-Commerce, ISP, Portal Development
Website: www.globalesol.com
Email: [ reddy | at | globalesol.com ]
Location: Chennai

Global Software (I) Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: CRM, application management, e-commerce, systems integration
Email: [ knarayan | at | globalsw.in.com ]
Location: Chennai


G M Infotech & Systems Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Consultancy & Projects, Internet & E-Commerce, IT Training, Software Development
Website: www.gminfotech.com
Email: [ kbuhary | at | gminfotech.com ]
Location: Chennai

Future Focus Infotech Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Internet, Intranet & Extranet Deployment, Web Content Development, Contract Staffing, Training (Individual and Corporate)
Website: www.focusinfotech.com
Email: [ suresh | at | focusinfotech.com ]
Location: Chennai

Future Software limited
Specialisation: Telecommunications, Data Communications, Embedded Systems Software, Product Engineering
Website: www.futsoft.com
Email: [ info | at | future.futsoft.com ]
Location: Chennai


Firstware Software Solutions
Specialisation: Internet Solutions, Intranet Consultancy, On-Site Services, Staffing, Training
Website: www.first-ware.com
Email: [ ganesan | at | first-ware.com ]
Location: Chennai

eSpace Technologies Pvt.Ltd.
Specialisation: E-Commerce Architecture, e-Commerce Development & Integration, e-Commerce Security & Network Consulting, E-Commerce Managed Web Hosting
Website: www.espacetech.com
Email: [ chandra | at | espacetech.com ]
Location: Chennai


Everonn Systems India Limited
Specialisation: IT education in schools, Software development, Back Office operations
Website: www.everonn.com
Email: [ everonn | at | everonn.com ]
Location: Chennai

Electronics Corporation of Tamilnadu Limited
Specialisation: Facilitation and consultancy for IT projects, Data capture services like voter ID card, Family card etc., Turnkey projects, Training
Website: www.elcot.com
Email: [ elcot | at | giasmd01.vsnl.net.in ]
Location: Chennai

Eonour Software Limited
Specialisation: E-commerce solutions, Free backbone for B2B and B2C, Web Hosting, Network Security
Website: www.eonoursoftware.com
Email: [ rkarthik | at | eonoursoftware.com ]
Location: Chennai

Entcomm (Asia) Private Limited
Specialisation: B2B Solutions, E-Commerce Solutions
Website: www.entcomm.com
Email: [ dgopala | at | entcomm.com ]
Location: Chennai


EDS - Electronic Data Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Specialisation: Comprehensive integrated solutions, Program and risk management, Onshore/Offshore project execution for mainframes and open systems, Maintenance and production support, Y2K and Euro currency solutions, Migration projects
Website: www.eds.com
Location: Chennai

Eutech Cybernetics (India) Pvt Ltd
Specialisation: Healthcare IT, Internet portal development, building automation, component development
Website: www.ecyber.com
Email: [ cyber | at | vsnl.com ]